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Year 5: Chinese migrants and the gold rushBookmark

Learning area: History
Year level: Year 5
Country: Australia, China
General capability: Intercultural understanding

Students explore the founding of British colonies and the development of a colony. They learn about what life was like for different groups of people in the colonial period, particularly Chinese migrants. They examine significant events and people, political and economic developments, social structures, and settlement patterns.

Key inquiry questions

  • What were the significant events of colonial Australia?
  • Who were the significant people that shaped Australian colonies?


Harvest Endurance scrollChinese migrants working in the field

Acknowledgements

Image: National Museum of Australia: See copyright information

Related resources

Activity 1: Life for Chinese in the goldfields

Task 1: Look-to-learn

Throughout the 1800s Chinese migrated to colonial Australia to try their luck on the goldfields. This look-to-learn activity enables you to explore what life was like for the Chinese migrants through primary sources from this period.

Key inquiry questions:

  • What were the significant events of colonial Australia?
  • Who were the significant people that shaped Australian colonies?
Access to Scootle digital content

Digital content has been incorporated into these learning sequences to support student learning. A link is provided to open each of these Scootle digital resources.

You need to login to Scootle to access the digital content in these learning sequences.

Drawing of Chinese workers in Australia on Harvest of Endurance scroll 
Instructions
  1. Viewing the images
    Select one image to view at a time. Look carefully at one image, not cursorily at many. 
  2. Using a data projector
    The whole class views the image and applies a thinking routine. You may apply only one part of the prompt at a time ("See," for example of "See-Think-Wonder") or move through all sections of a thinking routine in one session. Now explore the image and discuss your views with other students.
  3. Make thinking visible
    You can use a wide range of strategies working independently and writing responses in a personal notebook, to working collaboratively on butcher's paper or a whiteboard, to brainstorming online using one of the EtherPad installations (see below). Thinking Routines are used from Harvard's Visible Thinking initiative and Cultures of Thinking.
  4. See–Think–Wonder Claim–Support–Question
    What do you see? Make a claim about the topic.
    What do you think is going on? Identify support for your claim.
    What does it make you wonder? Ask a question related to your claim.
  5. Technology integration: Brainstorming using web tools
    Brainstorm your responses to the thinking routines outlined above. You may wish to use collaborative writing software. Explore how you can integrate PrimaryPad into your learning. Read detailed instructions on using this tool in the References section of this page.

Task 2: Knowledge building

Now that you have experienced Look-to-learn, it's time to dig a little deeper and learn more about Australian attitudes toward Chinese migrants and the gold rush.

Your close look at images probably gave you some insights about what life was like for Chinese immigrants who travelled to Australia in search of gold. To get an even better understanding, this activity will build on your knowledge by comparing and contrasting two images. This is called "juxtaposition," which means placing together two objects, which often leads to seeing each in better detail.

Instructions

Following the links look at the pairs of matching images. Because you will be comparing the two images, you should use a Venn diagram tool. Select one of the tools listed below that will  provide you with a framework to compare and contrast.

Venn diagram tools

One thinking routine follows each pair of images. The See–Think–Wonder routine was chosen, but you can choose others from the Reading" Images resources.

  1. Two views of success

    Not all who joined the rush came back with gold. Some who did, found their gold away from the fields and mines.

    View the two pictures and the links to additional information as you compare the images using the thinking routine below.

    Question:
    • How could these two images, taken together, suggest a reason for the racism some miners felt toward Chinese immigrants?

    Images:

    See–Think–Wonder:

    • What do you see?
    • What do you think is going on?
    • What does it make you wonder?
  2. Living in a hut

    Sometimes paintings and photographs on similar subjects highlight different things. View the two pictures and the links to additional information as you compare the images using the thinking routine below.

    Question:

    • Even though the huts below are similar, how do the two works tell different stories?

    Images:

    See–Think–Wonder:

    • What do you see?
    • What do you think is going on?
    • What does it make you wonder?
  3. Travelling for gold

    Men came from all over the world, lured by Australia's gold. View the two pictures and the links to additional information as you compare the images using the thinking routine below.

    Question:

    • How are the Chinese depicted in these two images? What does this tell us about attitudes toward them?

    Images:

    See–Think–Wonder:

    • What do you see?
    • What do you think is going on?
    • What does it make you wonder?
  4. Digging beneath the surface

    Sometimes images are similar in their use of colour and composition, but send a different message when you look a little deeper. View the two pictures and the links to additional information as you compare the images using the thinking routine below. 

    Question:

    • How do the titles and depiction of the people suggest bias or racism against Chinese?

    Images:

    See–Think–Wonder:

    • What do you see?
    • What do you think is going on?
    • What does it make you wonder?
  5. Making it work: Teamwork and technology

    Sometimes images seem very different, especially when one is a painting and another a photograph. View the two pictures and the links to additional information as you compare the images using the thinking routine below.

    Questions:

    • What do you think is the intent or reason for the painter and the photographer to capture the images as they did?
    • What story do you think each was trying to tell in their work?

    Images:

    See–Think–Wonder:

    • What do you see?
    • What do you think is going on?
    • What does it make you wonder?

Acknowledgements

Image: National Museum of Australia. See copyright information

Activity 2: Australian attitudes towards Chinese migrants

Knowledge building

Now that you have experienced look-to-learn, it's time to dig a little deeper and learn more about Australian attitudes toward Chinese migrants and the gold rush.

Key inquiry questions:

  • What were the significant events of colonial Australia?
  • Who were the significant people that shaped Australian colonies?
Access to Scootle digital content

Digital content has been incorporated into these learning sequences to support student learning. A link is provided to open each of these Scootle resources.

You need to login to Scootle to access the digital content in these learning sequences.

Black and white image of Chinese migrants on stagecoach led by horses 

Your close study of the images probably gave you some insights and also raised some questions. Fortunately, additional information is available on the images that can lead you in the right direction to investigate answers to your questions.

Instructions
  1. Your goal is to gather more information about one of the images. Explore the images opened from the links below until you find one image that you really want to explore and understand.
  2. Click on the correct link below that leads you to more detailed information for the image.
  3. Gathering your information
    There are many ways that you can collect the information you find useful to deepening your understanding of the facts and issues involved in a particular image. You can:
    • use your  notebook
    • record in an electronic document
    • post what you are learning into an online discussion or comments on a blog
    • join in a shared document if you have a Google or Gmail account
    • start an EtherPad or PrimaryPad page where you and a team can build knowledge. See the References for details.

    Either way, make sure you note the Web address (URL) and TLF ID (The Learning Federation Identifier) so you can return to it later.

  4. Additional resources
    The information provided by The Learning Federation should give you both some background and some leads you can follow to learn even more. For example, a particular event might have been mentioned such as The arrival of The Afghan carrying Chinese migrants into Sydney Harbour.
    • Go ahead and run some initial searches on any leads you uncovered.  
    • List what you now know and what you still want to know so that you can best understand the image you're studying.  
    • Write out any specific questions you want to find answers to. 
  5. Explore a web exhibit

    Simple searches: Now that you have some good background on your image and the events surrounding it, you are ready to learn more and add to your knowledge. This is the exciting time of learning when you know enough to add more knowledge fairly easily. The SBS channel and partners combined their expertise (as you are doing right now!) to present the special website Gold!.

    A section of the site focuses on Stereotyping the Chinese and highlights how "racist stereotypes fuelled the European diggers' sense of superiority." Explore this page and others in the Gold! Web exhibit. Add new information to your growing collection.

    As an extension you can choose to investigate a few more sites that could be helpful by adding to your understanding of how Australians' viewed and represented early Chinese migrants. Click on to these sites:

  6. Contributing your knowledge
    You have already gathered information you found useful. As listed above, you might have collected this in a traditional paper notebook, an electronic document, a blog, shared document or collaborative space.

    One of the main places in the world where people contribute their knowledge and expertise is Wikipedia. This is the best example of a "wiki" - software that people use to quickly post and edit information ("wiki" is a Hawaiian word meaning "fast" or "quick").

    If you are not ready to write articles for Wikipedia, you can still create your own wiki pages. You or your teacher can set up an account with one of these open wiki sites below:

    Create a page for each person, place, thing or event you researched. Remember to cite your sources so that people can trust what you post.

    Finally, a wiki is meant to be a source for solid information, not strong opinions. Use this Simple English Wikipedia page explaining one of the most important rules: writing from a Neutral Point of View.

Acknowledgements

Image: Wikipedia  See copyright information

Teacher notes

For each China learning sequence there are three activities to engage students. These can be completed as a sequence of learning or teachers may choose to have students complete different activities depending on curriculum program, student achievement level and time available in class.

Access to Scootle digital content

Digital content has been incorporated into these learning sequences to support student learning.

A link is provided to open each of these Scootle resources.

You need to login to Scootle to access the digital content in these learning sequences.

Look to Learn for ongoing engagement and inquiry

Look to Learn uses short immersion activities to draw students into the key themes and concepts through the use of rich digital content and a range of thinking prompts or questions.

The main idea behind the Look to Learn activities is for students to develop more sophisticated critical thinking skills when they engage in focused analysis of one artefact and apply a small set of thinking routines that "make their thinking visible."

Thinking Routines are one of the core approaches developed by Project Zero at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education. This early work has been progressed by Professor Ron Ritchhart at Cultures of Thinking.

Images are used throughout these activities. The following additional resources are available to support image analysis.

Reading images

Knowledge building for developing deeper understanding

Knowledge Building activities enable students to delve more deeply into the topic. Through access to key resources, students explore the topic in more depth, engage in research and conduct greater analysis of the resources through compare and contrast. Where appropriate students are encouraged to use ICT as part of their learning process.

WebQuests for challenge-based problem learning

When students and teachers want to extend and enrich learning, authentic and rich challenges help focus students on transforming information into new understanding through creative problem-solving. A long-standing eLearning approach is the WebQuest construct. In each of the WebQuests, the significant activity is referred to as "The Challenge" that requires students to create a new understanding or justify a new viewpoint.

Additional notes

These learning sequences rely on the rich content generously made available to educators and students in Australia.

Throughout many of the activities, the longstanding work of the Harvard Project Zero team on Artful and Visible Thinking has been embedded. Particularly Thinking Routines prompt much of the learning in the Look to Learn and some Knowledge Building activities.

The Year 6 sequences depend on the Harvest of Endurance Scroll © National Museum of Australia 2003-2010 – The National Museum of Australia.

Most of the archival resources come from the rich collection hosted through the National Digital Learning Resources Network and accessed through a variety of means by students and teachers across Australia. Each educational jurisdiction can view the resources once logged into the appropriate portal. Although the direct links come from the Scootle interface for the Learning Federation, the NDLRN's "resolver" will present the correct links once you are logged-in.

Useful websites

Throughout the China eLearning sequences, a number of learning opportunities are provided for students to collaborate with each other through the use of ICT. A range of applications are available to support this process, some of which are listed below.

Diigo for social bookmarking and sticky notes

Diigo is a powerful tool for gathering favourite sites and collaboratively researching and anlaysing online posts. There are two main parts: a browser toolbar and your account. Teachers can also create student groups which allows students to have their own account, but also contribute what they find and share their comments to classmates.

It is suggested that a teacher start an educator account (see the FAQ link below), add all students and then place Thinking Routines into Sticky Notes on which all student can contribute their thinking.

Primary Pad

A set of instructions are provided on how to use How to use PrimaryPad.

When students have access to computers or personal devices (Netbooks or updated iPads) a real-time collaborative writing page can easily be created and generate word clouds of the dominant terms used by students.

Here are the steps:

  1. Go to PrimaryPad: Click on the link or the image below and then click on the "Create New Pad" button.

  2. Copy the URL ie the web address that is automatically generated for your page.

  3. Paste the URL into your blog post so students can all access the same page.
  4. Edit the PrimaryPad page to include any instructions or prompts you want students to respond to, such as a "See–Think–Wonder" thinking routine. Then turn off the Authorship Colors so that only students' writing is colored.

  5. Have students type their names at the top of the screen to sync their comments with their colour.

  6. Now you are ready to engage the students in a Look to Learn learnig sequence.
  7. Once students have completed the writing, you can have them read through it, edit or select the most insightful passages.

One additional way to explore this collaborative brainstorming is to copy the collective text and paste it into Wordle or ABCya. This creates a word cloud, highlighting the dominant or keywords students used to explore the topic. This Wordle option is an embedded feature in PrimaryPad if you join and potentially become a fee-paying user.

Venn diagram tools

Wikis

Blogs

It is recommended that teachers preview websites to ensure they are suitable for their students prior to use in class. Content accessed via these links is not owned or controlled by the Asia Education Foundation and is subject to the terms of use of the associated website.

The full resource can not be displayed on a mobile device.

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